![]() Among the kinds of expressions which we, as speakers, use to make references to particulars are some of which a standard function is, in the circumstances of their use, to enable a hearer to identify the particular which is being referred to. I shall express this alternative by saying that the hearer either is, or is not, able to identify the particular referred to by the speaker. Very often, the other, the hearer, knows what, or which, particular the speaker is talking about but sometimes he does not. Very often, when two people are talking, one of them, the speaker, refers to or mentions some particular or other. ![]() The application of the phrase ‘identification of particulars’ which I shall first be concerned with is this.
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